Why Spanish Words From Greek Often Break the Gender Rule

Greek words abound  in Spanish  Ã¢â‚¬â€ but with a twist. Most if not all Spanish words that end in -ma and come from Greek are masculine  even though the last letter is a. Why Greek Words Often Break the Gender Rule There are dozens of such words. Among the ones youre likely to recognize even if you know little Spanish are problema (problem), tema (theme or subject), teorema (theorem), trauma (trauma), and poema (poem). A few other Greek-derived nouns with other endings also break the rule, including  planeta (planet). So the question often comes up: Why are these words from Greek ending in -a masculine? According to the popular language website Del Castellano, it has to do with the way the words entered the language. In Greek these words were all neuter gender, and they remained neuter as they became part of Latin. But as Latin morphed into Spanish, the masculine and neuter genders merged in a way that formerly neuter nouns became masculine. (The neuter gender still exists in Spanish for some specialized situations, but it isnt used for the names of things.) Something similar happened with the Greek words that evolved into those Spanish words ending in -ta that refer to roles of people, such as dentista (dentist) and atleta (athlete). Those words were masculine in Greek and then Latin. As Spanish evolved, the default form of those words continued to be masculine — but they alternatively could become feminine when referring to women. Many words for occupations fit this category. Unfortunately, theres no foolproof way to know which Spanish words ending in -ma come from Greek, although nearly all of them have English cognates, and many have them are connected with science or academic matters. Among the -ma words that dont come from Greek is và ­ctima (victim), which is feminine even referring to a male. Và ­ctima comes from Latin and thus follows the regular pattern. Sample Sentences Here are sentences showing some of the masculine -a words in use. The words may have meanings other than those in the translations: Pocas flores tienen un aroma tan poderoso como la gardenia. (Few flowers have a scent as strong as does the gardenia.) El carisma es una especie de magnetismo que inspira confianza y adoracià ³n. (Charisma is a type of attraction that inspires confidence and adoration.) El clima de Colombia es muy variado. (The climate of Colombia is quite varied.) El coma es un estado de inconsciencia prolongadoc caracterizada por una pà ©rdida de funciones importantes de la vida. (A coma is a state of prolonged unconsciousness characterized by a loss of important life functions.  Note that coma when it means comma is feminine.) El astrà ³nomo brità ¡nico Edmund Halley fue el primero en calcular la à ³rbita de un cometa. (The British astronomer Edmund Halley was the first to calculate the orbit of a comet. Note that the feminine cometa is the word for a kite.) El cromosoma humano 14 ha sido completamente secuenciado. (Human chromosome 14 has been completely sequenced.) El diafragma es una parte del objetivo que limita el rayo de luz que penetra en la cà ¡mara. (The diaphragm is a part of the lens that limits the light beam entering the camera.) Un diagrama de Venn usa cà ­rculos. (A Venn diagram uses circles.) Los dilemas morales son una preocupacià ³n desde la antigà ¼edad. (Moral dilemmas have been a concern since antiquity.)  ¿Crees que eres inteligente? Aquà ­ encontrarà ¡s algunos muy difà ­ciles enigmas. (Do you think youre intelligent? Here you will find some very difficult puzzles.) Aunque es muy raro, los fantasmas pueden ser visibles durante el dà ­a. (Although its quite rare, ghosts can be visible during the day.) No todos los idiomas espaà ±oles son latinos. (Not all the languages of Spain are from Latin.) Esta organizacià ³n es como un sistema cerrado. (This organization is like a closed system.) El tema seleccionado del estudio debe ser un problema prioritario de nuestra sociedad. (The subject selected for the study should be a critical problem in our society.) El teorema de Pità ¡goras està ¡ relacionado con la geometrà ­a y la trigonometrà ­a. (The Pythagorean theorem is related to geometry and trigonometry.) â€Å" ¿Cuà ¡l es tu programa favorito de la televisià ³n? (What is your favorite television program?) Enviar un telegrama de hasta 40 palabras cuesta en Argentina unos 300 pesos. (Sending a telegram of up to 40 words costs about 300 pesos in Argentina.) Una extraccià ³n de sangre puede provocar trauma sicolà ³gico. (A blood drawing can cause psychological trauma.)

Aristotle Impact on Law - 765 Words

Aristotle (384 - 322 BC), was a Greek philosopher, logician, and scientist. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most influential ancient thinkers in a various ways. Aristotle was born in Stagira in northern Greece, and as a young man he studied in Platos Academy in Athens. After Platos death he left Athens to proceed in philosophical and biological research in Asia Minor and Lesbos, and he was then invited by King Philip II of Macedonia to tutor his young son, Alexander the Great. Aristotle was extremely successful in tutoring Alexander, as he develoepd a great mind and was widely known for launching the invasion of the Persian Empire. Aristotle returned as a resident to Athens, and it was during†¦show more content†¦Aristotle seems to be primarily concerned to discover and refine the moral standards by which human beings should be governed. What laws are to be used to establish and maintain those standards depends on the good sense of the community and the prudence of its leaders, including its poets and other educators. In particular, his views on the connection between the well-being of the political community and that of the citizens who make it up, his belief that citizens must actively participate in politics if they are to be happy and virtuous, and his analysis of what causes and prevents revolution within political communities have been a source of inspiration for many contemporaryShow MoreRelatedExpanding Beyond Philosophy: Aristotle919 Words   |  4 PagesAristotle, famous for his work in philosophy, also had a huge impact in the educational, political, and scientific world. Born in Stagira, Greece in 384 BC Aristotle is very highly credited for his influence on philosophy. Aristotle’s young life was very unstable. 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Since human beings live as political animalsRead MoreNatural Law And Human Law1515 Words   |  7 Pages‘An unjust law cannot be a valid law’ In the light of Natural Law and Positivist theories, assess the accuracy of the above statement. Intro Natural law Natural Law Theory seeks to explain ‘Law’ as a phenomenon which in order to be valid must meet the standards of a ‘higher law’ based on morality. Natural law is so called because it is believed to exist independently of human will. It is ‘natural’ in the sense that it is not humanly created. Natural law theories are theories about the relation betweenRead MoreWhat Makes A Right Act Right And Wrong Act Wrong?1444 Words   |  6 Pageswrong. In this essay I will argue that an act is right if it accords with the natural law and wrong if it violates the natural law. 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Economic Growth of Trading Partners †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Economic Growth of Trading Partners. Answer: Introduction: The value of Australian dollar in the forex market is influenced by the forces of supply and demand. For example, if the demand for Australian dollar in American rise as depicted in graph one, the supply-demand relationship will make the Australian dollar to appreciate. If the demand falls, the value of Australian dollar will also decline. On the other hand, if the supply of Australian dollars increases as shown in graph two, then its value will decline. If inflation levels are low in Australian than in the United States, then the exports of Australia to the United States will be more competitive and there will be a rise in demand for the Australian dollar. As a result, the value of Australian dollar in comparison to U.S dollar will increase. Conversely, if inflation is high in Australia compared to the United States, then the value of Australian dollar will drop. If the interest rates in Australia are high than in the United States, more investors will be drawn to deposit money in Australia since they will get better earning for saving in Australian banks. Thus, the demand for Australian dollar will go up and cause an increase in its value. Equally, if the interest rates in Australia drop, then the value of Australian dollar will decline. If the current account deficit of Australia increases because it is spending more of Australian dollars on imports than its proceeds from exports, then the Australian dollar will depreciate. On the other hand, if Australias current account deficit declines due to high export earnings than import expenditure, then Australian dollar will appreciate. Other factors that cause fluctuations in Australian dollar include speculations, government debt, recession and political stability. When the price of Australian dollar rises or falls in comparison to the U.S dollar, the same trend is experienced among other major trading partners. Moreover, the value of Australian dollar in comparison to the U.S dollar has been rising and falling. This trend can be attributed to several factors. For example, the fall and rise in the price of Australias export commodities such as iron ore and ups and down in economic growth of the major trading partners. The article talks about the value of Australian dollar against the U.S dollar. According to this article, the Australian dollar has been appreciating whereas the U.S dollar has been on the decline. The appreciation of Australian dollar has been significantly caused by the increase in the price of Australias exports such as the iron ore. Although the Australian dollar has been increasing in value, the experts hold that the trend is not sustainable and it is expected to depreciate. These experts provide several reasons behind their argument. Foremost, the Federal Reserve is raising the interest rates while the reserve bank of Australia leaves the cost of borrowing low(Ismail, 2018). The high-interest rates in the United States will attract investors to save with the countrys banks to earn higher profits. As a result, the demand for U.S dollar will increase and lead to a rise in its value against the Australian dollar. The prices of Australias exports commodities such as iron ore are falling. This fall will increase the current account deficit and thus a decline in the strength of Australian dollar. Furthermore, China is a significant consumer of Australias commodities. Since the Chinese growth is decelerating, this impact will be felt in Australia as the export income to China will decline and hence a drop it Australi an dollar. Depreciation of Australian Dollar Australias low-interest rate in comparison to U.S interest rate and the decline in Australias exports earnings due to the falling prices of iron ore will result in the decline in demand for Australian dollars. This drop is depicted in graph three by the shift in demand curve from D1 to D0. As a result, the value of Australian dollar will decline from P1 to P0. The depreciation of Australian dollar in comparison to the U.S dollar will be detrimental to my firm that imports electrical machinery from the United States. This is because my company will use more Australian dollars to purchase U.S dollar in order to facilitate the purchase of goods. While Australian importers will lose, the Australian exporters will benefit from the depreciation of the countrys currency because their exports in the United States will cheap and hence they will sell more products. The reserve bank of Australian can deploy several approaches in order to bring AUD/USD exchange rate from US 72C per AUD to US 80C per AUD. For instance, the bank can increase the interest rates. Foremost, the high-interest rates will reduce the amount of money in circulation. Higher interest rates will also increase the demand for Australian dollar as foreign investors will save more with the countrys banks due to a better return. Increase in demand for Australian dollar will make it appreciate. Moreover, the bank can increase the reserve requirement for commercial banks and also buy government bonds and securities. These approaches will reduce the amount of money in the Australian economy and strengthen the currency. Although the above approaches will help to increase the value of Australian dollar there may cause some problems. High-interest rates, high reserve requirement and the purchase of government bonds and securities will deny the Australian cash needed for consumption and investments and hence slow economic growth. Appreciating the currency will also make Australians exports to the United States expensive and hence uncompetitive. Therefore, these are not reasonable economic policies. The government should focus on long-term supply-side policies such as boosting productivity and cutting the cost of production to make the countrys export industry competitive. Reference list Ismail, N., 2018. Australian dollar tipped to slide back to 70 US. [Online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/investments/australian-dollar-tipped-to-slide-back-to-70-us-cents-20180129-h0pp8v.html [Accessed 26 March 2018]. RESERVE BANK OF AUSTRALIA, 2018. Historical Data. [Online] Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html#exchange-rates [Accessed 27 March 2018].

Adrienne Richs Rape Essays - Rape, NYPD Blue, Laws Regarding Rape

Adrienne Rich's "Rape" Have you ever been in a situation where you had something horrible happen in your life that you needed to do something about, but in order to do something about it, you had to confront the problem and that caused you pain and more troubles? I believe that to be the underlying conflict in Adrienne Rich's "Rape". The main character who the speaker is talking to first is a woman who has been sexually violated. She is a victim of a heinous and very private, embarrassing crime. The officer that she has reported her situation to is a policeman who patrols her area and who her family knows and trust. Her family is very close to this officer, for "he comes from your block, grew up with your brothers.(2)" She doesn't know him that well though, which makes her telling him about the incident that much more painful and uncomfortable. She gives him all the details of the crime and about her assailant. She has the idea that the cop may have been her rapist. The woman has a certain bit of suspicion about the officer, but she is not sure. "Rape" is a poem about a woman who is reporting a case of rape to a policeman who may just be the criminal responsible for the offense himself. The violated woman isn't convinced that the policeman is the rapist, but the speaker defiantly suspects him. The rape victim knows very little about the criminal in question, so the speaker tells the reader about the incident, the evidence, and about enough facts to let them come up with there own suspect. The first statement made by the speaker is "There is a cop who is both prowler and father.(1)" When he says "prowler" the reader automatically considers the officer to be a suspect, even before any background is given on him. This is a very important line in the poem. It expresses that the policeman is both a prowler and a father figure. He is suppose to be an ally against crime and problems on his beat. The role of a policeman is to protect the innocent from criminals and evils. But who protects you when officers of the law are corrupt and are involved in unlawful actions? There is also another line in this paragraph that the reader could interpret to be incriminating. The speaker says the "You hardly know him in his boots and silver badge, on horseback, one hand touching his gun.(4-5)" Since she doesn't know him that well anyway, maybe instead of seeing him as an officer of the law, she sees him as her assailant. The middle few stanza get a little more confusing. The second stanza tells of how intimidating and powerful the policeman is. The third stanza is where the woman takes her problems and concerns to the officer. The forth stanza is quite intriguing. It starts off with a description the cop's eyes, a very soothing image. Its the last verse of this stanza that takes a turn of suspicion against the officer. The thought of the "the hysteria in your voice pleases him best(20)" makes the reader believe that he is the rapist, a person who would enjoy such a thing. The last stanza contains some good closing thoughts. It is also interesting because it sounds like the speaker changes who he is addressing. This is obvious in the first line of this stanza when the speaker says "He has access to the machinery that could get you put away.(26)" The woman wouldn't get put away, for she hasn't done anything wrong. The speaker is now talking to the rapist. The speaker later talks about what the rapist says as being "like a portrait of your confessor.(29)" In these latter moments of this poem, maybe the woman is unsure of who violated her. "Rape", by Adrienne Rich, is a poem about a woman who was violated. At first the reader suspects the policeman as her rapist, then it seems like she suspects someone else. After writing this paper, I come up with another possible theory. I believe that no one she knows is her rapist, she just sees all males as possible rapist and feels scared and threatened by them.

Dangerous Effects of Alcohol and Cannabis

Dangerous Effects of Alcohol and Cannabis Alcohol is a depressant that alters the transmission of messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It is a by-product of fermentation after a sugar, fruit or vegetable is acted on by bacteria/yeast. It is the main recreational drug in Australia, meaning that people indulge in alcohol consumption for enjoyment purposes only, especially in social events and gatherings such as parties and clubbing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dangerous Effects of Alcohol and Cannabis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is a lot of advocacy on the dangerous effects of alcohol and cannabis use. The term ‘dangerous’ in this context is in relation to normal body functioning, which is disrupted by the use of these drugs. Dangerous effects of alcohol and cannabis form the basis for discussion of this paper. In a study by Dietze et al. (2009), death and hospitalisations were highlighted as the effects of alcohol. It is surprising that this is the first study in as far as alcohol-attributable harm in Australia is concerned. I would expect to find numerous studies on alcohol since it is usually a topic of concern in the contemporary society; the social media, schools, policy makers never fail to mention alcohol in at least one occasions during the day. However, it may be because of the very same reasons that little research has been conducted. The fact that alcohol consumption, either in moderation or binge drinking, is deemed a normal occurrence in day to day life could be a reason for this. In addition, cooperation from participants, who are mainly drunkards, is not guaranteed. Other effects of alcohol, according to Korsmeyer Kranzler (2009), include an array of neurological disorders, poor nutrition and systemic damage. The same is true for cannabis. It is the most commonly used illegal drug in the world. Karch (2006) points out that in 2003, 161 million people used it, and 46% of 101 stat es reported an increasing trend in its usage. There are associations made between the use of cannabis and cardiovascular diseases (Swift, Copeland, Lenton, 2000). However, little research has been conducted on this, especially in Australia. The study by Karch (2006) indicates that only in vitro animal experiments have been conducted. Human case studies are not valid due to confounding factors like underlying chronic medical conditions and/or cigarette smoking. There is minimal difference in effects between alcohol and cannabis on a face evaluation. The prevailing research concurs with Barack Obama’s statement that cannabis is no more dangerous than alcohol because each has its own share of detrimental effects. Both alcohol and cannabis have dangerous systemic effects which vary with regard to the affected body organ.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, it is inarguable that each drug has its own share of the dangerous effects that affect the normal functioning of the body. When a person combines either two or more drugs, aggravated effects result. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of scientific evidence on the usage and effects of alcohol and cannabis. References Dietze, P., Jolley, D., Chikritzhs, T., Clemens, S., Catalano, P., Stockwell, T. (2009). Income inequality and alcohol attributable harm in Australia. BMC Public Health, 9, P. 70. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-70. Karch, S. (2006). Cannabis and Cardiotoxicity. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, 2(1), 13-18. Korsmeyer, P., Kranzler, H. (Eds.). (2009). Encylopedia of Drugs, Alcohol Addictive Behavior. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. Swift, W., Copeland, J., Lenton, S. (2000). Cannabis and harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(1), 101-112.

Child Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Child Development - Essay Example Pregnancy is a very important part of a woman’s life that calls for behavior change in various aspects of life. To begin with, my sleeping hours would not be adequate if I were pregnant. Pregnant women are advised to get enough rest and sleep. Secondly, I rarely exercise and I would start engaging in exercise activities three times a week to improve blood circulation. Thirdly, I take alcohol during the weekends and I would have to refrain from it if I were pregnant. Alcohol and drugs are prohibited during pregnancy as they can affect child’s development (Murphy). Finally, I would also need to change my diet by including healthier foods including larger portions of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, I would have to refrain from foods containing saturated fats and sweetened drinks. The study concentrates on behavioral change among women during pregnancy. According to the article, most women consume alcohol during pregnancy goes against the doctors’ advice as alcohol poses numerous side effects to the fetus. This article advises women to avoid alcohol intake at all costs. The article also shows the drinking habits among women from different backgrounds and demonstrated that some of the side effects of drinking while pregnant include intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm birth. The article also shows that there is a strong relationship between alcohol use and smoking and these aspects combined have a significant negative impact on fetal growth.

The Business, Its Mission and Its Strategy Term Paper

The Business, Its Mission and Its Strategy - Term Paper Example The organization has continued to experience an explosive growth, which is demonstrated by its annual revenues moving from $250,000 in 2009 to over $2 million in 2010 (Samasource, 2011). Samasource’s core business is outsourcing of digital work from large or small organizations. The organization offers outsourcing services under five broad categories: data services, research and archival services, machine learning, customer support services, and online content services (Samasource, 2012). This is mainly done on the Internet. The organization operates as follows. First it sources for work from other organizations. It then uses a proprietary technology platform to divide the digital work it has received into smaller tasks which are then distributed through the Internet to its various processing centers or partner sites. At these processing centers Samasource specifically recruits and trains women and youth from poverty-stricken areas who then perform the small tasks. Upon co mpletion, each of these small tasks is taken through a rigorous quality-assurance process on the proprietary platform before they are aggregated back into complete projects and delivered to the clients. The proprietary technology platform is known as SamaHub and the small tasks are referred to as microwork – a term first coined by the Samasource founder. ... This industry has numerous buyers and suppliers, which makes the bargaining power of both parties relatively weak. The three forces that Samasource would need to be wary of are competitive rivalry, threat of entry and threat of substitutes. The intensity of rivalry here is currently moderate because of the contrasting characteristics. On the one hand, there are numerous competitors, which should warrant a fight for market share. On the other hand, industry growth is high, and this somewhat negates the need for fighting over market share. Also, exit barriers in this industry are low, which means that companies that are earning low or negative returns can easily opt to leave the market rather than struggle. This eliminates excess capacity from the market (Porter, 2008). Nevertheless, we single out competitive rivalry because of the potential for rivals to converge and compete on the same dimensions. The nearly identical services of rivals coupled with low buyer switching costs could lead to price competition and, consequently, destructive rivalry. Barriers to entry for this industry are low for the following reasons. Firstly, the primary infrastructure for this industry is the Internet, which weakens the incumbents’ ability to harness supply-side economies of scale. Secondly, buyers face low switching costs in changing suppliers. Thirdly, capital requirements are modest. Fourth, the Internet gives new entrants equal access to the distribution channel. These low entry barriers make the threat of entry industry force to be very high. Substitutes to Samasource’s offerings are Odesk, Elance, Freelancer and other online outsourcing sites as well as the traditional BPOs found in the developing countries. We have